Metabolism at a glance [E-Book]

Contents; Foreword; Preface; 1 Introduction to metabolic pathways; Metabolic charts; Chart 1.1: Subcellular distribution of metabolic pathways; 2 Biosynthesis of ATP 1: ATP, the molecule that powers metabolism; How living cells conserve energy in a biologically useful form; Chart 2.1: The biosynthesis of ATP; The 'hydrogen carriers' NAD+ and FAD; ATP/ADP translocase; The ATP molecule has two phosphoanhydride bonds that provide the energy for life; 3 Biosynthesis of ATP II: mitochondrial respiratory chain; Proton extrusion; Stoichiometry of ATP synthesis; P/O ratios: 'traditional' integral and 'modern' non-integral valuesInhibitors of the respiratory chain; Interference with the flow of electrons (Diagram 3.1a); Interference with the flow of protons (H+) (Diagram 3.1b); Some other compounds that affect the respiratory chain; 4 The oxidation of cytosolic NADH: the malate/aspartate shuttle and the glycerol phosphate shuttle; Oxidation of cytosolic NADH; 5 Metabolism of glucose to provide energy; Chart 5.1: Glucose metabolism; The importance of insulin in glucose transport; 6 Metabolism of one molecule of glucose yields 31 (or should it be 38?) molecules of ATPChart 6.1: Oxidation of glucose yields 38 ATP molecules assuming the traditional P/O ratios of 3 for NADH and 2 for FADH2; The net yield is 36 ATP molecules in insects; Chart 6.2: Oxidation of glucose yields 31 ATP molecules assuming the 'modern' P/O ratios of 2.5 for NADH and 1.5 for FADH2 ; 7 Metabolism of glucose to glycogen; Glycogen is stored in the fed state; Chart 7.1: An overview of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis); Glycogen as a fuel reserve; Diagram 7.1: Glycogen, a molecule that is welldesigned for its function8 Anaerobic metabolism of glucose and glycogen to yield energy as ATP; Anaerobic glycolysis; Chart 8.1: Glucose is metabolized to lactate; ATP yield by anaerobic metabolism; Physiological and clinical relevance; Diagram 8.1: The Cori cycle - muscle/liver; The Cori cycle - red blood cells/liver; 9 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) and the red blood cell; 2,3-BPG helps to unload oxygen from haemoglobin; Chart 9.1: The 2,3-BPG shunt in red blood cells (Rapoport-Luebering shunt); Physiological significance of 2,3-BPG; Importance of 2,3-BPG in medicineMyoglobin; Diagram 9.1: Transport of oxygen from the red blood cell to the mitochondrion for use in oxidative phosphorylation; 10 Metabolism of glucose to fat (triacylglycerol); The importance of fat; Chart 10.1: The flow of metabolites when glucose is converted to triacylglycerol; Diagram 10.1: Insulin and fat synthesis; 11 Metabolism of glucose to fatty acids and triacylglycerol; Chart 11.1: Synthesis of triacylglycerols from glucose; Diagram 11.1: Activation of acetyl CoA carboxylase by citrate in vitro; 12 The pentose phosphate pathway: the production of NADPH and reduced glutathione 32

Metabolism at a Glance is a complete review course of metabolism in health and disease and offers a unique approach to the study of this difficult discipline. Metabolism is a complicated subject involving complex molecules and interrelated pathways. These metabolic pathways are usually taught separately with the result that the student develops a detailed but compartmentalised approach to metabolism and frequently fails to see the overall picture and its physiological significance. Using the at a Glance format, the book takes the student through a complete course in intermediary metabolism in an integrated manner. The same chart is repeated throughout the book with the individual pathway under study highlighted. The book is an ideal text for introductory biochemistry courses and has established itself as an enormously popular book amongst lecturers and students alike. This third edition is fully updated and includes five new chapters to mirror those topics currently taught at undergraduate level: 1. Metabolic Channelling 2. Glucose homeostasis and Reye's Disease 3. Pentose phosphate pathway and the prodcution of NADPH 4. Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease 5. Tyrosine metabolism in health and disease.