Research methods in health : investigating health and health services [E-Book]

Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Praise page -- Contents -- Preface to the fifth edition -- Acknowledgements -- SECTION I INVESTIGATING HEALTH SERVICES AND HEALTH: The Scope of Research -- 1 EVALUATING HEALTH SERVICES: Multidisciplinary Collaboration -- INTRODUCTION -- HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH -- THE ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY -- AUDIT -- MEDICAL AUDIT, CLINICAL AUDIT, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CLINICAL GOVERNANCE -- EVALUATION -- STRUCTURE, PROCESS AND OUTCOME -- APPROPRIATENESS AND INAPPROPRIATENESS -- OUTCOME -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 2 SOCIAL RESEARCH ON HEALTH: Sociological and psychological concepts and approaches -- INTRODUCTION -- SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON HEALTH -- 2.1 HEALTH AND ILLNESS -- The bio-medical model -- The psychological model -- The social model of health -- Lay definitions of health -- Lay theories of illness -- A disability paradox? -- Variations in medical and lay perspectives -- 2.2 SOCIAL FACTORS IN ILLNESS AND RESPONSES TO ILLNESS -- Social variations in health: structural inequalities -- Psycho-social stress and responses to stress -- Stigma, normalisation and adjustment -- The Sick Role and illness behaviour -- 2.3 MODELS OF HEALTH BEHAVIOUR -- Health lifestyles -- Health behaviour -- Models of health-related actions -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 3 QUALITY OF LIFE: Concepts, measurements and patients' perceptions -- INTRODUCTION -- 3.1 HEALTH-RELATED AND BROADER QUALITY OF LIFE -- Health-related quality of life -- Broader quality of life -- What are the criteria for a good QoL measure? -- Theoretical influences on measurement -- 3.2 PATIENTS' PERCEPTIONS -- Interactions between health professionals and patients -- Patients' evaluations of health care -- Patients' preferences -- Summary of main points.

Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 4 HEALTH NEEDS AND THEIR ASSESSMENT: Demography and epidemiology -- INTRODUCTION -- 4.1 THE ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH NEEDS -- Health needs -- The need for health and the need for health care -- Methods of assessing health needs -- The role of epidemiological and demographic research -- 4.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY -- The role of epidemiology -- Epidemiological research -- Methods of epidemiology -- Assessing morbidity, mortality, incidence and prevalence -- 4.3 THE ROLE OF DEMOGRAPHY -- Bio-demography -- Demographical methods in relation to assessing need -- Rates: births and deaths -- Standardisation -- Analyses of survival -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 5 COSTING HEALTH SERVICES: Health Economics -- INTRODUCTION -- HEALTH ECONOMICS -- DEMAND, UTILITY AND SUPPLY -- ECONOMIC APPRAISAL -- COST MINIMISATION -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS -- COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS -- EVENT PATHWAYS -- OPPORTUNITY COST -- DISCOUNTING -- COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS -- COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY HEALTH INDICES -- ELICITING VALUES -- COSTING HEALTH SERVICES -- STUDY METHODS USED FOR COSTINGS -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- SECTION II THE PHILOSOPHY, THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RESEARCH -- 6 THE PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK OF MEASUREMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -- PARADIGMS -- OBJECTIVITY AND VALUE FREEDOM -- DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE APPROACHES -- THE SURVIVAL OF HYPOTHESES AND PARADIGM SHIFTS -- THEORETICAL INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS -- SOCIAL SCIENCE AND GROUNDED THEORY -- POSITIVISM -- PHENOMENOLOGY -- CHOICE OF METHODS -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 7 THE PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH -- INTRODUCTION -- SEARCHING THE PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED LITERATURE.

SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEWS -- SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE REVIEWS -- META-ANALYSES -- CRITICAL APPRAISAL -- EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE -- RIGOUR IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH -- AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES -- CONCEPTS AND THEORIES -- RESEARCH PROPOSALS -- RESEARCH DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODS -- SELECTION OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS -- LEVEL OF DATA AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES -- LEVELS OF DATA, PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS -- RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY -- THREATS TO RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY -- ETHICS AND ETHICAL COMMITTEES -- DISSEMINATION -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- SECTION III QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Sampling and research method -- 8 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING FOR QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH -- INTRODUCTION -- 8.1 CALCULATION OF SAMPLE SIZE, STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND SAMPLING -- The sampling unit -- Calculation of sample size and statistical power -- Testing hypotheses, statistical significance, the null hypothesis -- Type I and type II errors -- One- or two-sided hypothesis testing -- Statistical, social and clinical significance -- Sampling frames -- Sampling -- Confidence intervals and the normal distribution -- External validity of the sample results -- 8.2 METHODS OF SAMPLING -- Random sampling -- Non-random sampling: quota sampling -- Sampling for qualitative research -- Sampling for telephone interviews -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- NOTES -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 9 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Surveys -- INTRODUCTION -- 9.1 SURVEY METHODS -- The survey -- Descriptive and analytic surveys -- Retrospective (ex post facto), cross-sectional surveys -- Prospective, longitudinal surveys -- Cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies -- Triangulated research methods and surveys -- 9.2 METHODS OF ANALYSING CHANGE IN LONGITUDINAL STUDIES -- Analysing change.

Sample attrition and analysing change -- Stopping rules and analysis of interim results -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 10 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Experiments and other analytic methods of Investigation' -- INTRODUCTION -- THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD -- INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY -- REDUCING BIAS IN PARTICIPANTS AND THE INVESTIGATING TEAM -- BLIND EXPERIMENTS -- THE RCT IN HEALTH CARE EVALUATION -- OTHER ANALYTIC METHODS OF INVESTIGATION -- BEFORE-AFTER STUDY WITH NON-RANDOMISED CONTROL GROUP -- AFTER-ONLY STUDY WITH NON-RANDOMISED CONTROL GROUP -- TIME SERIES STUDIES USING DIFFERENT SAMPLES (HISTORICAL CONTROLS) -- GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISONS -- PEOPLE ACTING AS OWN CONTROLS -- WITHIN-PERSON, CONTROLLED SITE STUDY -- THREATS TO THE VALIDITY OF CAUSAL INFERENCES IN OTHER ANALYTIC STUDIES -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 11 SAMPLE SELECTION AND GROUP ASSIGNMENT METHODS IN EXPERIMENTS AND OTHER ANALYTIC METHODS -- INTRODUCTION -- RANDOM SAMPLING -- CONVENIENCE AND PURPOSIVE SAMPLING -- VOLUNTEERS -- TYPE OF INVESTIGATION AND TYPE OF SAMPLING FRAME -- RESPONSE RATES: EXPERIMENTS AND OTHER ANALYTIC STUDIES -- ENSURING SIMILARITY IN GROUP CHARACTERISTICS: RANDOM ALLOCATION -- OTHER ALLOCATION METHODS: CROSS-OVER METHODS -- METHODS OF GROUP DESIGN FOR IMPROVING THE BASIC RCT -- COMMON METHODS OF CONTROLLING TO OBTAIN EQUIVALENCE IN NON-RANDOMISED STUDIES -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- SECTION IV THE TOOLS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH -- 12 DATA COLLECTION METHODS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: Questionnaires, interviews and their response rates -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURED AND SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES -- POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRES AND SELF-ADMINISTRATION -- STRUCTURED AND SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS -- NON-RESPONSE.

ITEM NON-RESPONSE -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 13 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN -- INTRODUCTION -- PLANNING -- PILOTING -- QUESTIONNAIRE LAYOUT -- THE COVERING LETTER -- QUESTION FORM, ORDER AND WORDING -- RULES FOR FORM -- SCORES -- CONSTRUCTING ADDITIONAL ITEMS AND SCALES -- ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT SCALES -- RULES FOR ORDER AND WORDING -- RULES FOR QUESTIONS BY TYPE OF TOPIC -- CHECKING THE ACCURACY OF RESPONSES -- TRANSLATING AN INSTRUMENT AND CULTURAL EQUIVALENCE -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 14 TECHNIQUES OF SURVEY INTERVIEWING -- INTRODUCTION -- TYPES OF INTERVIEW -- THE INTERVIEWER -- INTERVIEWER HANDBOOKS -- SAMPLING BY INTERVIEWERS -- INTERVIEWER TRAINING -- INTERVIEWER BIAS -- PERSISTENCE IN CONTACTING RESPONDENTS -- APPROACHING RESPONDENTS -- MOTIVATING PEOPLE TO RESPOND -- THIRD PARTIES AND DISTRACTIONS -- BEGINNING THE INTERVIEW -- RULES FOR STRUCTURED INTERVIEWING -- INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES -- THE END OF THE INTERVIEW -- RECORDING RESPONSES -- DEBRIEFING -- QUALITY CONTROL -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- 15 PREPARATION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA FOR CODING AND ANALYSIS -- INTRODUCTION -- CODING -- NUMERICAL VALUES FOR CODES -- CODING OPEN QUESTIONS -- CODING CLOSED QUESTIONS -- CHECKING RETURNED QUESTIONNAIRES -- CLEANING THE DATA -- CHECKING FOR BIAS IN THE ANALYSES -- MISSING VALUES AND DATA CHECKS -- COMPUTER PACKAGES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA -- THE ANALYSIS -- Summary of main points -- Key questions -- KEY TERMS -- RECOMMENDED READING -- SECTION V QUALITATIVE AND MIXED RESEARCH METHODS -- 16 UNSTRUCTURED AND STRUCTURED OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES -- INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH -- OBSERVATION -- PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION -- GAINING ACCESS -- HARDWARE: VIDEO AND AUDIORECORDERS.

ESTABLISHING VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2023. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.