Advanced cardiac imaging [E-Book]

1: Advanced cardiac imaging Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Imaging the heart 1.3 Techniques 1.4 Shared themes and challenges 1.5 Approach of the book Part One: Technological Developments in Cardiac Imaging 2: Ultrasound/echocardiography Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Three-dimensional echocardiography [3,4] 2.3 Contrast echocardiography [3–6] 2.4 Deformation imaging 2.5 Future trends 2.6 Further reading 3: Single-photon emission computed tomography Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Physical principles of SPECT 3.3 Camera designs 3.4 Tracers 3.5 Image processing and reconstruction 3.6 Low-dose SPECT 3.7 Dynamic SPECT 3.8 Hybrid imaging 4: Positron emission tomography Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Principles of PET 4.3 Clinical applications 4.4 Conclusion 5: Computed tomography Abstract 5.1 Development of cardiac CT 5.2 Technical principles and contemporary technology 5.3 CT performance, image quality parameters, and artifacts 5.4 Cardiac CT applications 5.5 Postprocessing, secondary reconstruction, and assisted interpretation 5.6 Radiation and dose reduction 5.7 Estimating the hemodynamic significance of CAD 5.8 Future perspectives 6: Magnetic resonance imaging Abstract Acknowledgments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic principles of NMR 6.3 Fast imaging 6.4 Perfusion, blood-oxygen-level-dependent, and late gadolinium enhancement imaging 6.5 Quantitative mapping techniques 6.6 Three-dimensional time-resolved (4D) flow 6.7 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 6.8 Hyperpolarization 6.9 Latest technical developments and future trends 6.10 Sources of further information Part Two: Clinical Applications of Cardiac Imaging 7: Noninvasive coronary angiography Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Coronary artery calcium 7.3 CT coronary angiography 7.4 Limitations 7.5 The future 7.6 Coronary magnetic resonance imaging 8: Atherosclerotic plaque Abstract 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Non-invasive imaging of atherosclerosis 8.3 Computed tomography 8.4 Conclusions 9: Myocardial ischemia Abstract 9.1 Pathophysiology of ischemia 9.2 Invasive diagnosis of ischemia 9.3 Noninvasive detection and quantification of ischemia 9.4 Diagnostic platform 9.5 Risk stratification and prognosis 9.6 Noninvasive follow-up of the patient with known coronary artery disease 10: Myocardial infarction Abstract 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Echocardiography 10.3 Nuclear imaging 10.4 CMR imaging 10.5 Multidetector CT 10.6 Guidelines for use of imaging in AMI 10.7 Conclusion 11: Myocardial viability Abstract Acknowledgements 11.1 Background, terms, and definitions 11.2 Multimodality imaging for myocardial viability assessment 11.3 The role of myocardial viability assessment in clinical decision-making 11.4 Current research, emerging techniques, and hybrid imaging 11.5 Conclusion 12: Contractile function and heart failure Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Echocardiographic approach to the LV contractility 12.3 Assessment of RV function 12.4 Assessment of contractile function by CMR 12.5 Assessment of ventricular function using radionuclide techniques 13: Cardiomyopathy Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Dilated cardiomyopathy 13.3 Non-compaction cardiomyopathy 13.4 Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy 13.5 Arrhythmogenic (right) ventricular cardiomyopathy 13.6 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13.7 Hypertrophic phenocopies 13.8 Infiltrative disease/restrictive cardiomyopathy 13.9 Cardiac iron overload 13.10 Pericardial constriction 13.11 Limitations of imaging 13.12 Likely future trends 13.13 Conclusions and reflection Resources 14: Myocarditis Abstract 14.1 Clinical background 14.2 Biopsy as “the invasive standard” 14.3 Therapeutic options 14.4 Imaging 14.5 Summary 15: Systemic diseases Abstract 15.1 Arterial systemic hypertension 15.2 Diabetic cardiomyopathy 15.3 Inotropic reserve in diabetic patients 15.4 Metabolic syndrome 15.5 Autoimmune connective tissue disorders 15.6 Thyroid disease 15.7 Systemic vasculitis 16: Acquired valvular heart disease Abstract Aortic root 16.1 Annulus size and calcification 16.2 Aortic valve leaflets 16.3 Sinus of Valsalva and sinotubular junction Aortic stenosis 16.4 Aortic valve/root morphology 16.5 Severity of aortic stenosis 16.6 Synthesis Aortic regurgitation 16.7 Aortic valve/root morphology 16.8 Severity of aortic regurgitation Mitral regurgitation 16.9 Introduction 16.10 Aetiology and mechanisms 16.11 2D/3D echocardiographic evaluation 16.12 Cardiac magnetic resonance 16.13 Multislice cardiac computed tomography 16.14 Conclusion Tricuspid and pulmonary valves 16.15 Tricuspid valve 16.16 Pulmonary valve Prosthetic valves 16.17 Introduction 16.18 Echocardiography 16.19 Cinefluoroscopy 16.20 Computed tomography 16.21 Nuclear imaging 16.22 Magnetic resonance imaging 16.23 Conclusion Interventional imaging for transcatheter valve procedures 16.24 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation 16.25 Transoesophageal echocardiography approach before TAVI 16.26 Transoesophageal echocardiography during prosthesis implantation 16.27 Percutaneous transcatheter repair of paravalvular regurgitation 16.28 TEE before transcatheter repair of paravalvular regurgitation 16.29 TEE during percutaneous transcatheter repair of paravalvular regurgitation 16.30 Percutaneous mitral valve intervention by edge-to-edge repair 16.31 TEE for patients selection for edge-to-edge repair 16.32 TEE during edge-to-edge repair 16.33 Conclusion Endocarditis 16.34 Introduction 16.35 Echocardiography 16.36 Molecular imaging 16.37 Multislice computed tomography 16.38 Magnetic resonance imaging 16.39 Conclusion 17: Cardiac tumours Abstract 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Echocardiography 17.3 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance 17.4 Cardiac computed tomography 17.5 Nuclear imaging techniques 17.6 Cardiac masses 17.7 Conclusions 18: Pericardial diseases Abstract 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Technical aspects 18.3 The pericardium: normal findings 18.4 Clinical scenarios 18.5 Cardiac masses (cysts, diverticula, hematoma, tumors) 18.6 Congenital absence of pericardium 19: Congenital heart disease Abstract 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Imaging modalities 19.3 Specific lesions 19.4 Summary 20: Diseases of the thoracic aorta and pulmonary arteries Abstract 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Acute aortic syndrome 20.3 Vasculitis 20.4 Imaging of the postoperative aorta 20.5 Pulmonary circulation 20.6 Aneurysmatic disease 21: Arrhythmia Abstract 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Fluoroscopy 21.3 Ultrasound 21.4 Computed tomography 21.5 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 21.6 Electroanatomic mapping 21.7 Radionuclide imaging 21.8 Image integration 22: Imaging guided interventions Abstract 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Transcatheter aortic valve implantation 22.3 Percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of the mitral valve 22.4 Occlusion of LAA 22.5 Interventional closure of ASD and PFO 22.6 Interventional closure of paravalvular leaks 22.7 Pre-interventional imaging in coronary CTO

CIP record. Publication date: 08 2015

Advances in Cardiac Imaging presents the latest information on heart disease and heart failure, major causes of death among western populations. In addition, the text explores the financial burden to public healthcare trusts and the vast amount of research and funding being channeled into programs not only to prevent such diseases, but also to diagnose them in early stages. This book provides readers with a thorough overview of many advances in cardiac imaging. Chapters include technological developments in cardiac imaging and imaging applications in a clinical setting with regard to detecting various types of heart disease"